Defining
leisure
Leisure is
time spent away from obligations, work both paid and unpaid, and tasks required
for existing e.g. sleeping and eating (remaining time from the above noted) …
some people believe it can be archived from almost any type of event. Non
leisure and leisure times can be separated more accurately by a combination of
three or more of these factors (enjoyment, freedom of choice, relaxation, intrinsic
motivation—activities done for internal satisfaction and not for extrinsic benefits
e.g. money-- and lack of evaluation) The noted FACTORS may differ from sex (housework and childcare can be viewed differently by both sexes), age, life style and social economical class making it harder to have a cumulative
universal definition of the term leisure.
leisure should be described in its own term not through activity
People can either consume or participate in leisure
Shaw(1985) a combination of freedom of choice , enjoyment and some form of evaluation (personal for females and evaluation from others for male) gives a more accurate definition of leisure.
Leisure activities are high in enjoyment and relaxation while non leisure activities are seen to be those high in physical effort than mental effort. These factors vary from situations and individuals --- two thirds of leisure activities while the other third is sanctification found in non leisure) ---- Havighurst's theory enforcer 'equivalence of work and play'
Only approximately half of all leisure situations are perceived as freely chosen or as intrinsically motivated (Shaw,1985)
leisure should be described in its own term not through activity
People can either consume or participate in leisure
Shaw(1985) a combination of freedom of choice , enjoyment and some form of evaluation (personal for females and evaluation from others for male) gives a more accurate definition of leisure.
Leisure activities are high in enjoyment and relaxation while non leisure activities are seen to be those high in physical effort than mental effort. These factors vary from situations and individuals --- two thirds of leisure activities while the other third is sanctification found in non leisure) ---- Havighurst's theory enforcer 'equivalence of work and play'
Only approximately half of all leisure situations are perceived as freely chosen or as intrinsically motivated (Shaw,1985)
Approach one
--asking people
what they defined as leisure ‘pleasure, relaxation, the absence of
obligations, and the absence of pressures’
Trouble with
this approach is that it didn’t make it clear if these were individual or socially
perceived definition of the word leisure
Approach two
--Examining values
and satisfactions related to leisure
Trouble with
this approach is that it’s based around outcomes and functions rather than what
makes the activity or situation LEISURE and is questioned by Havighurst’s
theory of the ‘equivalence of work and play ‘ which indicates that people get the same satisfactions
from working as they do when they are playing.
*personal feelings are important when discriminating work and leisure ---only reading books and cultural events were considered leisure in a research experiment (Shaw 1985) -----what one may classify as leisure can be considered as work to another individual e.g child care or shopping which highlights problems of conceptualizing leisure in the form of 'activity' .
There are more situations that lack of evaluation from others than self evaluation which also affects the definition of leisure. Cultural definitions are vague and unreliable almost just stereotypical as there is not enough evidence that shows leisure is defined the same by all people of a culture.
In the beginning there was just survival and as humans fulfilled survival tasks they started to free up some time for leisure and overtime there has been advancement in leisure as we have learnt to adapt our environment to us rather than the other way round. First advancement was the discovery of fire and controlling fire , this allowed our ancestors to use night time that they were previously not able to as they relied on the sun to provide warmth and light. The spare time in the evening allowed them to perform tasks that were more complicated tasks that have allowed advancement in the human evolution of lifestyle and leisure. This included tasks like planning when and where they were going to hunt for the prey and other imaginative ideas. Fire also allowed them to enjoy cooked food which at the time was a new form of leisure, it also reduced fears of environmental pressures like being attacked by other animals (allowed them to see predators coming that having to rely on their hearing to protect them) Free time allowed the species to advance and create new tools to better their lives and create even more free time which leads me to assume that leisure is significant to improving our species. Progression was ongoing as more and more inventions were made life expectancy increased and so did our population till man was forced to move away from hunting to another food source which was agriculture , this forced man to settle forming communities while population forced man to spread across the globe for fertile and unclaimed lands... this led to war and people fighting over land therefore communities built military armies to survive an invasions and for others it was armies to invade and enlarge their community. Communities meant that people needed leaders there arose high priests and kings who didn't have to perform everyday tasks but had to plan the efficiency community plans like defense teams , trading and religion tasks. Freeing these people allowed them to plan and invent new things which allowed more free time for the rest of the people for example religion obligated that one day was to be a day of worship to the creator , a day free of work , a day filled with dancing and singing.
Economics of leisure__________
the reduced hours allowed people to have more time freeing even more time for leisure and a chance to better society. With all this free time came economical growth nations which allowed recreational services to be formed to allow the public to enjoy its fair share of recreation. Recreational services are community offered services like public school , libraries, churches , parks , playgrounds and others of that nature.
Urban vs rural areas _______
Urban areas are fertile soil for leisure and one of the reason why this is plainly is because of the attitudes of urban people. They are more open to new governmental functions as they believe this would better their living. Rural people on the other end mostly are not open to change and rural areas are known more for work (agriculture) than leisure therefore governmental offers of bringing these leisure facilities may not seem attractive to them. Some people however crave change which is reflected in the high numbers of people moving to urban areas and a few rural areas combining themselves with nearby areas to form little towns that are more open to business and development plans. The increase of numbers in urban areas means that there needs to be an increase in the recreational service department which is an economical issue for the government as high amounts of money need to be designated to that department for it to function at its current level. On the positive side many rural areas now have access to transport and electricity bridging the gap between the urban and rural life and arguable in the future the percentage of rural areas is likely to decrease.
Acceptance of leisure
the growth of leisure has accelerated by the breakdown of religious taboos and traditional cultural prejudices as a philosophy more torrent to leisure has been generally accepted. Church is an example , it is now considered leisure and people are not as obligated to attend. Churches have also became more tolerant to the change for example some churches allow recreational leisure to be carried out in the church, the number of prohibited activities on a Sunday have also decreased from the law. Growth of leisure and civilization has allowed free time for all where only a few privileged ones would have enjoyed it in the past and LEISURE HAS BEEN AN ELEMENT OF LIFE.
REFLECTING ON LEISURE
leisure as recreation
leisure is CHANGING and was seen different from the Greek times in contrast to modern society. The Greek saw leisure as a time set aside for creativity and learning. However leisure declined alongside Greek years as the early christian fathers emphasized the immorality practiced during leisure (this Calvinistic conception has a huge influence on how people saw leisure) therefore decreased the number of people taking part in leisure activities as people felt a tingle of guilt during activities. This explains the moral decay of America because people didn't make full use of leisure. The greeks considered ordinary work only fit for slaves which freed up more of their time allowing them to read more and dig into the concept of defining leisure , each generation dag deeper into leisure as recreation till the two were seen as identical.
This type of thinking has carried on till this day as reflected by writters who link the two for example the most used defination of recreation is 'worthy use of leisure'... recreation has nothing to do with a specific time because its a behavior that takes place in time. ---campers are not considered terms of the forest even though their actions take place in the Forrest.
leisure as pleasure
happiness is a product of a good life. and its attained through leisure that which gives happiness , enjoyment and pleasure (Aristotle--Greek philosopher),,,something needs to happen during leisure for happiness to occur, there is no happiness end result if participants are taking part but are not happy i.e. no guarantee of happiness from leisure activities as lack of activities results in one not missing an opportunity to attain pleasure :/ but you cant explain leisure by the word pleasure!!!!
Hedonism philosophy encourages one persist on what brings them pleasure and reject what doesn't (do more of what makes your happy and less of what brings you down) however the things that bring pleasure may be unethical raising questions for this way of thinking
Leisure as rejuvenation
Some philosophers believe that leisure is a necessary to help one recharge and get back to working at optimum level raising questions as to weather leisure is essential to our daily lives. The work ethic mentality is seen in people who believe work is the primary way to self realization. Cutten said 'to enjoy leisure is only one way of its use and its likely to be misused' this philosopher believed that there are opportunities of work in leisure and highlighted that the average individual of the current generation works less than his father did however they are not happier. This reflects on weather leisure makes you happy and if more leisure makes you more happier. Work can never be complete according to Aristotle therefore leisure was the needed time off work (enforces work ethic, if we are not working we are playing and playing being the purpose of life seems foolish?? )
Leisure as a state of being
De Grazia defines leisure as a state of being in contrast to it as the idea of FREE time. he believes that free time refers to calculating a special kind of time while leisure is a state of being that few desire but even fewer obtain. 'freedom from the necessity of work' by Aristotle is what De Grazia considers a state of being.
' one mans labor occupation is another mans leisure occupation' (jacks L.P 19,32) ---this makes no sense because labor is a an action result of motivation while leisure is not an action its a state ---the comparison cant be made as these are two different concepts ___work and play both can obtain leisure aspects which makes more sense if leisure is seen as a state rather than an activity.
leisure can be viewed in different way e.i if one interpreted a contemplative act as leisure that makes leisure a state of being while if leisure is viewed as specific time fee from work then contemplation is only an experience one chooses during leisure. Contemplation is total absorption in a thought dealing with a particular idea or subject You cant define what one does during leisure as leisure which makes more sense if we viewed leisure as a state of being.
trouble with viewing leisure as a state of mind is that we are concluding that it can be archived at any point which includes works however work has been regarded the antitheses of leisure since humans recall of historical information ___ first humans focused on survival -work - to stay alive then came Free time that allowed activities other than survival as time passed.
Leisure as a Function (French sociologist Dumazedier defines leisure as a function )
leisure shouldn't be defined as a function because that defines recreational leisure (leisure activities) which are a form of leisure but not the only way to describe leisure....the mixing of leisure and recreation definitions started in Greek times and have continued till modern day ...... recreational activities occur in FREE TIME and have FUNCTIONS of RELAXING , RECUPERATION , SELF EXPRESSION and SOCIAL INVOLVEMENT and contain FEATURES of subjective NEED , VOLUNTARY , HEDONISTIC and performed for its OWN SAKE (intrinsically motivated)
if leisure was an activity then there would be little argument over the definition of leisure :) but its not just an activity !!!
Leisure as time
Leisure time is only when individuals can enter and exit without any feeling of moral revulsion or self denial!!!!
defining leisure as a particular segment of time (non tangible) enables us to get a more accurate definition because it doesn't define how the individual decides to spend that time. The concept of leisure as free time ---free from: (leisure constraints )
sociocultural obligations (cutting the front lawn because your neighbors expect you to---religious congregation --caring for the elderly and infants because society expects you to) WE are brought up to believe what is right and wrong therefore what we are taught to be right we feel the need to follow and sometimes by doing this we add leisure constraints.
biological functions(needed to survive _eat ,sleep_ ,
economic wealth (monetary activities _work needed for survival)
other constraints include the law because we are unable to do some things because the law believe they hinder the better of society ( this is because leisure does have negative results as well as positive ones and the law try and minimize the negative results of leisure)
Commitments can be constraints too were they were originally joined as for the satisfactions they provide but soon constraint the participant by them having to committee to attending those sessions because others may rely on them or they feel guilty for leaving.
Leisure is free time regardless of how the individual spends it and Parker argues that two tasks can be performed at the same time for example you can talk while you listen to the radio therefore you main attain leisure at work however leisure and work should not be confused as they are two different things ----IDONT AGREE WITH HIS THEORY
Casual and Serious Leisure (sub catergory of recreation ? )
Serious Leisure has the Need to persevere and requires personal effort through knowledge expansion and one's skill enhancement through training which offers durable benefits from the pursuits /goals attained producing satisfaction to the individual.Types of of serious leisure include Amateur activities, hobbies , volunteering , active entertainment and sociable conversation.
Casual leisure is relatively short lived and requires very little or no training at all to take part in . Its more pleasurable than serious leisure, not identified with pursuits and offers immediate intrinsic rewards. Types of casual pleasure would be relaxation , passive entertainment , play and sensory stimulation.
'classificatory home of much of the deviant leisure' Rojek (1997
I think that serious leisure is likely to occur in a group setting because one may feel the need to pull their wait so they dont let others down maximising the chances of winning in competetive environments ---serious leisure is likely to be competetive , individuals work torwards goals to increase their knowlegde and skill levels so that they can be better than others in the same field , makes them feel superior -more valued and important -hero factor --- remembered.
Casual leisure is likely to be performed for intrinsic motivations , for the sake of the activity (trait of recreation) less pressure to the individual which has a relaxing reward.
Serious leisure erases the line of work and leisure and enforces that work can be leisure
deviant leisure shows the misuse of leisure and the importance of using leisure productively , its not all bad as law minimizes the deviant leisure ---consumption of pornography and media consumption of violent behavior are not really emphasized by the law enough----- however most of it is left unattended like the 'neknominate' challenge which is basically a misuse of alcohol , most of it is encouraged in the media like gambling , graffiti (used in soft drink adverts and car commercials)
___________________
Consumption ???---- three definitions
consuming Food or Drink
consuming Being consumed by fire or envy
consuming as in Purchasing Goods and Services
Changing times --- there is an increasing pressure to by leisure rather than make it ourselves -- citizens have been transformed to consumers ,
_____________________
Climate change
The change in climate will result in server weather conditions for example heavy rain and drier summers would force outdoor events to be postponed or cancelled more often. The weather influences people in their decision making as to what activities they are going to take part in, Walking is an example of an activity that would be difficult in severe hot conditions predicted in the future if we do not reduce green gas levels. This means that those providing leisure opportunities that may not be pleasurable in high heat will suffer which will have a knock on effect on the economy of the providing location. People will loose their jobs while new opportunities may expand for example more indoor activities will provide new jobs and new leisure for consumers. The new opportunities will have to be generated to adapt to the weather which may cause cause difficulty in designs and an increased cost of construction. indoor arenas would allow people to experience outdoor events , which will need increase in electrical consumption forcing providers to charge more because they will need to use a source that doesn't give out much green house gasses to add on to the problem. Tourists seeking high temperature sea side destinations will no longer be travelling to those places because they would be too hot opening up opportunities for other countries to attract more tourists. Isolated business centers will experience potential communication breakdowns(flooded electrical transmitters, roads and telephone wires) which will decline business because people expect to have full electrical, internet and road access. For the locations with increased consumers because they offer better facilities maintenance may gradually become difficult as increased numbers will be expected. Holiday accommodation providers near coastal areas or large lakes will not be able to afford flooding insurance which will lead to them increasing their prices to the consumers. Climate change will result in increased fuel costs.
___________________________
Social space is a physical or virtual space that allows people to gather in. Social space is sometimes viewed as space for an identified purpose for example when school or church are mention one knows what activities happen in that social space. Another view of social space is that everywhere is social space therefore wherever you are that's social space enforced by the use of the internet as people can connect to their virtual social spaces from anyway with internet access. Migration is everywhere , this highlights the change in times as social space would have been limited to a certain few due to transportation advancements we can now travel and access other social spaces.
*personal feelings are important when discriminating work and leisure ---only reading books and cultural events were considered leisure in a research experiment (Shaw 1985) -----what one may classify as leisure can be considered as work to another individual e.g child care or shopping which highlights problems of conceptualizing leisure in the form of 'activity' .
There are more situations that lack of evaluation from others than self evaluation which also affects the definition of leisure. Cultural definitions are vague and unreliable almost just stereotypical as there is not enough evidence that shows leisure is defined the same by all people of a culture.
In the beginning there was just survival and as humans fulfilled survival tasks they started to free up some time for leisure and overtime there has been advancement in leisure as we have learnt to adapt our environment to us rather than the other way round. First advancement was the discovery of fire and controlling fire , this allowed our ancestors to use night time that they were previously not able to as they relied on the sun to provide warmth and light. The spare time in the evening allowed them to perform tasks that were more complicated tasks that have allowed advancement in the human evolution of lifestyle and leisure. This included tasks like planning when and where they were going to hunt for the prey and other imaginative ideas. Fire also allowed them to enjoy cooked food which at the time was a new form of leisure, it also reduced fears of environmental pressures like being attacked by other animals (allowed them to see predators coming that having to rely on their hearing to protect them) Free time allowed the species to advance and create new tools to better their lives and create even more free time which leads me to assume that leisure is significant to improving our species. Progression was ongoing as more and more inventions were made life expectancy increased and so did our population till man was forced to move away from hunting to another food source which was agriculture , this forced man to settle forming communities while population forced man to spread across the globe for fertile and unclaimed lands... this led to war and people fighting over land therefore communities built military armies to survive an invasions and for others it was armies to invade and enlarge their community. Communities meant that people needed leaders there arose high priests and kings who didn't have to perform everyday tasks but had to plan the efficiency community plans like defense teams , trading and religion tasks. Freeing these people allowed them to plan and invent new things which allowed more free time for the rest of the people for example religion obligated that one day was to be a day of worship to the creator , a day free of work , a day filled with dancing and singing.
Economics of leisure__________
the reduced hours allowed people to have more time freeing even more time for leisure and a chance to better society. With all this free time came economical growth nations which allowed recreational services to be formed to allow the public to enjoy its fair share of recreation. Recreational services are community offered services like public school , libraries, churches , parks , playgrounds and others of that nature.
Urban vs rural areas _______
Urban areas are fertile soil for leisure and one of the reason why this is plainly is because of the attitudes of urban people. They are more open to new governmental functions as they believe this would better their living. Rural people on the other end mostly are not open to change and rural areas are known more for work (agriculture) than leisure therefore governmental offers of bringing these leisure facilities may not seem attractive to them. Some people however crave change which is reflected in the high numbers of people moving to urban areas and a few rural areas combining themselves with nearby areas to form little towns that are more open to business and development plans. The increase of numbers in urban areas means that there needs to be an increase in the recreational service department which is an economical issue for the government as high amounts of money need to be designated to that department for it to function at its current level. On the positive side many rural areas now have access to transport and electricity bridging the gap between the urban and rural life and arguable in the future the percentage of rural areas is likely to decrease.
Acceptance of leisure
the growth of leisure has accelerated by the breakdown of religious taboos and traditional cultural prejudices as a philosophy more torrent to leisure has been generally accepted. Church is an example , it is now considered leisure and people are not as obligated to attend. Churches have also became more tolerant to the change for example some churches allow recreational leisure to be carried out in the church, the number of prohibited activities on a Sunday have also decreased from the law. Growth of leisure and civilization has allowed free time for all where only a few privileged ones would have enjoyed it in the past and LEISURE HAS BEEN AN ELEMENT OF LIFE.
REFLECTING ON LEISURE
leisure as recreation
leisure is CHANGING and was seen different from the Greek times in contrast to modern society. The Greek saw leisure as a time set aside for creativity and learning. However leisure declined alongside Greek years as the early christian fathers emphasized the immorality practiced during leisure (this Calvinistic conception has a huge influence on how people saw leisure) therefore decreased the number of people taking part in leisure activities as people felt a tingle of guilt during activities. This explains the moral decay of America because people didn't make full use of leisure. The greeks considered ordinary work only fit for slaves which freed up more of their time allowing them to read more and dig into the concept of defining leisure , each generation dag deeper into leisure as recreation till the two were seen as identical.
This type of thinking has carried on till this day as reflected by writters who link the two for example the most used defination of recreation is 'worthy use of leisure'... recreation has nothing to do with a specific time because its a behavior that takes place in time. ---campers are not considered terms of the forest even though their actions take place in the Forrest.
leisure as pleasure
happiness is a product of a good life. and its attained through leisure that which gives happiness , enjoyment and pleasure (Aristotle--Greek philosopher),,,something needs to happen during leisure for happiness to occur, there is no happiness end result if participants are taking part but are not happy i.e. no guarantee of happiness from leisure activities as lack of activities results in one not missing an opportunity to attain pleasure :/ but you cant explain leisure by the word pleasure!!!!
Hedonism philosophy encourages one persist on what brings them pleasure and reject what doesn't (do more of what makes your happy and less of what brings you down) however the things that bring pleasure may be unethical raising questions for this way of thinking
Leisure as rejuvenation
Some philosophers believe that leisure is a necessary to help one recharge and get back to working at optimum level raising questions as to weather leisure is essential to our daily lives. The work ethic mentality is seen in people who believe work is the primary way to self realization. Cutten said 'to enjoy leisure is only one way of its use and its likely to be misused' this philosopher believed that there are opportunities of work in leisure and highlighted that the average individual of the current generation works less than his father did however they are not happier. This reflects on weather leisure makes you happy and if more leisure makes you more happier. Work can never be complete according to Aristotle therefore leisure was the needed time off work (enforces work ethic, if we are not working we are playing and playing being the purpose of life seems foolish?? )
Leisure as a state of being
De Grazia defines leisure as a state of being in contrast to it as the idea of FREE time. he believes that free time refers to calculating a special kind of time while leisure is a state of being that few desire but even fewer obtain. 'freedom from the necessity of work' by Aristotle is what De Grazia considers a state of being.
' one mans labor occupation is another mans leisure occupation' (jacks L.P 19,32) ---this makes no sense because labor is a an action result of motivation while leisure is not an action its a state ---the comparison cant be made as these are two different concepts ___work and play both can obtain leisure aspects which makes more sense if leisure is seen as a state rather than an activity.
trouble with viewing leisure as a state of mind is that we are concluding that it can be archived at any point which includes works however work has been regarded the antitheses of leisure since humans recall of historical information ___ first humans focused on survival -work - to stay alive then came Free time that allowed activities other than survival as time passed.
Leisure as a Function (French sociologist Dumazedier defines leisure as a function )
leisure shouldn't be defined as a function because that defines recreational leisure (leisure activities) which are a form of leisure but not the only way to describe leisure....the mixing of leisure and recreation definitions started in Greek times and have continued till modern day ...... recreational activities occur in FREE TIME and have FUNCTIONS of RELAXING , RECUPERATION , SELF EXPRESSION and SOCIAL INVOLVEMENT and contain FEATURES of subjective NEED , VOLUNTARY , HEDONISTIC and performed for its OWN SAKE (intrinsically motivated)
if leisure was an activity then there would be little argument over the definition of leisure :) but its not just an activity !!!
Leisure as time
Leisure time is only when individuals can enter and exit without any feeling of moral revulsion or self denial!!!!
defining leisure as a particular segment of time (non tangible) enables us to get a more accurate definition because it doesn't define how the individual decides to spend that time. The concept of leisure as free time ---free from: (leisure constraints )
sociocultural obligations (cutting the front lawn because your neighbors expect you to---religious congregation --caring for the elderly and infants because society expects you to) WE are brought up to believe what is right and wrong therefore what we are taught to be right we feel the need to follow and sometimes by doing this we add leisure constraints.
biological functions(needed to survive _eat ,sleep_ ,
economic wealth (monetary activities _work needed for survival)
other constraints include the law because we are unable to do some things because the law believe they hinder the better of society ( this is because leisure does have negative results as well as positive ones and the law try and minimize the negative results of leisure)
Commitments can be constraints too were they were originally joined as for the satisfactions they provide but soon constraint the participant by them having to committee to attending those sessions because others may rely on them or they feel guilty for leaving.
Leisure is free time regardless of how the individual spends it and Parker argues that two tasks can be performed at the same time for example you can talk while you listen to the radio therefore you main attain leisure at work however leisure and work should not be confused as they are two different things ----IDONT AGREE WITH HIS THEORY
Casual and Serious Leisure (sub catergory of recreation ? )
Serious Leisure has the Need to persevere and requires personal effort through knowledge expansion and one's skill enhancement through training which offers durable benefits from the pursuits /goals attained producing satisfaction to the individual.Types of of serious leisure include Amateur activities, hobbies , volunteering , active entertainment and sociable conversation.
Casual leisure is relatively short lived and requires very little or no training at all to take part in . Its more pleasurable than serious leisure, not identified with pursuits and offers immediate intrinsic rewards. Types of casual pleasure would be relaxation , passive entertainment , play and sensory stimulation.
'classificatory home of much of the deviant leisure' Rojek (1997
I think that serious leisure is likely to occur in a group setting because one may feel the need to pull their wait so they dont let others down maximising the chances of winning in competetive environments ---serious leisure is likely to be competetive , individuals work torwards goals to increase their knowlegde and skill levels so that they can be better than others in the same field , makes them feel superior -more valued and important -hero factor --- remembered.
Casual leisure is likely to be performed for intrinsic motivations , for the sake of the activity (trait of recreation) less pressure to the individual which has a relaxing reward.
Serious leisure erases the line of work and leisure and enforces that work can be leisure
deviant leisure shows the misuse of leisure and the importance of using leisure productively , its not all bad as law minimizes the deviant leisure ---consumption of pornography and media consumption of violent behavior are not really emphasized by the law enough----- however most of it is left unattended like the 'neknominate' challenge which is basically a misuse of alcohol , most of it is encouraged in the media like gambling , graffiti (used in soft drink adverts and car commercials)
___________________
Consumption ???---- three definitions
consuming Food or Drink
consuming Being consumed by fire or envy
consuming as in Purchasing Goods and Services
Changing times --- there is an increasing pressure to by leisure rather than make it ourselves -- citizens have been transformed to consumers ,
_____________________
Climate change
The change in climate will result in server weather conditions for example heavy rain and drier summers would force outdoor events to be postponed or cancelled more often. The weather influences people in their decision making as to what activities they are going to take part in, Walking is an example of an activity that would be difficult in severe hot conditions predicted in the future if we do not reduce green gas levels. This means that those providing leisure opportunities that may not be pleasurable in high heat will suffer which will have a knock on effect on the economy of the providing location. People will loose their jobs while new opportunities may expand for example more indoor activities will provide new jobs and new leisure for consumers. The new opportunities will have to be generated to adapt to the weather which may cause cause difficulty in designs and an increased cost of construction. indoor arenas would allow people to experience outdoor events , which will need increase in electrical consumption forcing providers to charge more because they will need to use a source that doesn't give out much green house gasses to add on to the problem. Tourists seeking high temperature sea side destinations will no longer be travelling to those places because they would be too hot opening up opportunities for other countries to attract more tourists. Isolated business centers will experience potential communication breakdowns(flooded electrical transmitters, roads and telephone wires) which will decline business because people expect to have full electrical, internet and road access. For the locations with increased consumers because they offer better facilities maintenance may gradually become difficult as increased numbers will be expected. Holiday accommodation providers near coastal areas or large lakes will not be able to afford flooding insurance which will lead to them increasing their prices to the consumers. Climate change will result in increased fuel costs.
___________________________
Social space is a physical or virtual space that allows people to gather in. Social space is sometimes viewed as space for an identified purpose for example when school or church are mention one knows what activities happen in that social space. Another view of social space is that everywhere is social space therefore wherever you are that's social space enforced by the use of the internet as people can connect to their virtual social spaces from anyway with internet access. Migration is everywhere , this highlights the change in times as social space would have been limited to a certain few due to transportation advancements we can now travel and access other social spaces.
Havighurst's ----'equivalence of work and play'
Czicksentmihly ------flow
Jacks L.P ---one mans work is another man's leisure
Parker------two tasks can be performed at the same time
De Grazia --- leisure as a state of being
Shaw---personal feelings have an impact on separating work and leisure
Shaw---leisure is a combination of enjoyment, form of evaluation and freedom of choice
Aristotle ----leisure is 'freedom from the necessity of work'
Dumazedier ----leisure as a function
Stebbins ---serious leisure
Czicksentmihly ------flow
Jacks L.P ---one mans work is another man's leisure
Parker------two tasks can be performed at the same time
De Grazia --- leisure as a state of being
Shaw---personal feelings have an impact on separating work and leisure
Shaw---leisure is a combination of enjoyment, form of evaluation and freedom of choice
Aristotle ----leisure is 'freedom from the necessity of work'
Dumazedier ----leisure as a function
Stebbins ---serious leisure
espouse means support or adopt
Discrepancy –inconsistency
or lack of similarities or variation alternative
futile means pointless or incapable of producing results
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